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When trying to start MySQL 8.0 it complained about partially upgraded DD. Furthermore, it complained about not being to open a table S/AD.ibd which no longer exists there because we moved it to S/AD.ibd. We reverted back to MySQL 5.6 and it seems to be running fine now. It looks like it failed during converting the .frm files into the information_schema, and I suppose this is why we were able to revert back to 5.6.

My questions:

1) Does anyone have any idea what this could be?
2) Are there MySQL diagnostic tools I can run against our 5.6 instance to see if there is inconsistent state stored about our AD.ibd table?

Here is the full log if it's of interest:

The manual page at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/crashing.html contains
information that should help you find out what is causing the crash.
2018-06-22T15:02:56.236394Z 0 [System] [MY-010116] [Server] /usr/sbin/mysqld (mysqld 8.0.11) starting as process 1831
2018-06-22T15:02:58.482400Z 1 [ERROR] [MY-011014] [Server] Found partially upgraded DD. Aborting upgrade and deleting all DD tables. Start the upgrade process again.
2018-06-22T15:02:58.864512Z 0 [ERROR] [MY-010020] [Server] Data Dictionary initialization failed.
2018-06-22T15:02:58.864621Z 0 [ERROR] [MY-010119] [Server] Aborting
2018-06-22T15:03:00.755015Z 0 [System] [MY-010910] [Server] /usr/sbin/mysqld: Shutdown complete (mysqld 8.0.11) MySQL Community Server - GPL.
2018-06-22T15:06:15.015157Z 0 [System] [MY-010116] [Server] /usr/sbin/mysqld (mysqld 8.0.11) starting as process 2225
2018-06-22T15:06:17.585241Z 1 [ERROR] [MY-012592] [InnoDB] InnoDB: Operating system error number 2 in a file operation.
2018-06-22T15:06:17.585309Z 1 [ERROR] [MY-012593] [InnoDB] InnoDB: The error means the system cannot find the path specified.
2018-06-22T15:06:17.585330Z 1 [ERROR] [MY-012216] [InnoDB] InnoDB: Cannot open datafile for read-only: './S/AD.ibd' OS error: 71
2018-06-22T15:06:17.585354Z 1 [Warning] [MY-012019] [InnoDB] InnoDB: Ignoring tablespace LD/AD because it could not be opened.
2018-06-22T15:06:18.511449Z 0 [Warning] [MY-010727] [Server] System table 'plugin' is expected to be transactional.
2018-06-22T15:06:18.627162Z 2 [Warning] [MY-010772] [Server] db.opt file not found for S database. Using default Character set.
mysqld: /export/home/pb2/build/sb_0-28122056-1523171044.09/rpm/BUILD/mysql-8.0.11/mysql-8.0.11/sql/dd/upgrade/table.cc:1076: bool dd::upgrade_57::add_triggers_to_table(THD*, TABLE*, const String_type&, const String_type&): Assertion `t->
get_event() >= t_type && (t->get_event() > t_type || t->get_action_time() >= t_time)' failed.
15:06:19 UTC - mysqld got signal 6 ;
This could be because you hit a bug. It is also possible that this binary
or one of the libraries it was linked against is corrupt, improperly built,
or misconfigured. This error can also be caused by malfunctioning hardware.
Attempting to collect some information that could help diagnose the problem.
As this is a crash and something is definitely wrong, the information
collection process might fail.

Don't use / (or certain other things that could confuse the file manager) in a table name.

Perhaps you can rename it?

Update

OK, S is the database name, AD is the table name.

No, you cannot move .ibd files around. There is critical information in ibdata1 that will get confused.

It is possible to do

RENAME TABLE X.AD TO Y.AD

(At least that was possible before 8.0. The internals of 8.0 are radically different; if such a cross-db RENAME TABLE fails, file a bug report with bugs.mysql.com )