Second difference on the sum of extreme values of square numbers












8












$begingroup$


I notice that in a series of consecutive square number $$1,4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100$$ if i add up the first element to the last element as well as the second element to the second to the last element i come up with the following result:$$101, 85, 73, 65, 61$$ the eventually get the absolute difference between 2 consecutive sum i have $$16, 12, 8, 4$$ by getting the second difference of this i got $$4,4,4,4$$ is this true to all $n^{2}?$
This pattern holds true even i do not start with $1^{2}$, that is for even number of squares, in case of odd number of squares i.e from $1^{2}$ to $9^{2}$, i can simply multiply the median, that is $5^{2}$, by two then do the same process the pattern still holds. I tried to prove this by letting $$n^{2}, (n +1)^{2}, (n + 2)^{2}, ..., (n+k)^{2}, (m - k)^{2}, . . .,(m - 1)^{2}, m^{2}$$ as i add both ends and perform subtraction among consecutive sums i got $$ (n+k)^{2} +(m - k)^{2} - 2((n+k)^{2} + (m - 1)^{2} + . . . +(n +1)^{2} + (m - 1)^{2}) - n^{2} - m^{2}$$ but unfortunately i got stuck since I cant express sum of consecutive squares as single term,,, the internet say that its n(2n + 1)(n + 1)/6 but i cant connect this formula using expressions...any idea how to do this?










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$endgroup$

















    8












    $begingroup$


    I notice that in a series of consecutive square number $$1,4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100$$ if i add up the first element to the last element as well as the second element to the second to the last element i come up with the following result:$$101, 85, 73, 65, 61$$ the eventually get the absolute difference between 2 consecutive sum i have $$16, 12, 8, 4$$ by getting the second difference of this i got $$4,4,4,4$$ is this true to all $n^{2}?$
    This pattern holds true even i do not start with $1^{2}$, that is for even number of squares, in case of odd number of squares i.e from $1^{2}$ to $9^{2}$, i can simply multiply the median, that is $5^{2}$, by two then do the same process the pattern still holds. I tried to prove this by letting $$n^{2}, (n +1)^{2}, (n + 2)^{2}, ..., (n+k)^{2}, (m - k)^{2}, . . .,(m - 1)^{2}, m^{2}$$ as i add both ends and perform subtraction among consecutive sums i got $$ (n+k)^{2} +(m - k)^{2} - 2((n+k)^{2} + (m - 1)^{2} + . . . +(n +1)^{2} + (m - 1)^{2}) - n^{2} - m^{2}$$ but unfortunately i got stuck since I cant express sum of consecutive squares as single term,,, the internet say that its n(2n + 1)(n + 1)/6 but i cant connect this formula using expressions...any idea how to do this?










    share|cite|improve this question









    $endgroup$















      8












      8








      8





      $begingroup$


      I notice that in a series of consecutive square number $$1,4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100$$ if i add up the first element to the last element as well as the second element to the second to the last element i come up with the following result:$$101, 85, 73, 65, 61$$ the eventually get the absolute difference between 2 consecutive sum i have $$16, 12, 8, 4$$ by getting the second difference of this i got $$4,4,4,4$$ is this true to all $n^{2}?$
      This pattern holds true even i do not start with $1^{2}$, that is for even number of squares, in case of odd number of squares i.e from $1^{2}$ to $9^{2}$, i can simply multiply the median, that is $5^{2}$, by two then do the same process the pattern still holds. I tried to prove this by letting $$n^{2}, (n +1)^{2}, (n + 2)^{2}, ..., (n+k)^{2}, (m - k)^{2}, . . .,(m - 1)^{2}, m^{2}$$ as i add both ends and perform subtraction among consecutive sums i got $$ (n+k)^{2} +(m - k)^{2} - 2((n+k)^{2} + (m - 1)^{2} + . . . +(n +1)^{2} + (m - 1)^{2}) - n^{2} - m^{2}$$ but unfortunately i got stuck since I cant express sum of consecutive squares as single term,,, the internet say that its n(2n + 1)(n + 1)/6 but i cant connect this formula using expressions...any idea how to do this?










      share|cite|improve this question









      $endgroup$




      I notice that in a series of consecutive square number $$1,4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100$$ if i add up the first element to the last element as well as the second element to the second to the last element i come up with the following result:$$101, 85, 73, 65, 61$$ the eventually get the absolute difference between 2 consecutive sum i have $$16, 12, 8, 4$$ by getting the second difference of this i got $$4,4,4,4$$ is this true to all $n^{2}?$
      This pattern holds true even i do not start with $1^{2}$, that is for even number of squares, in case of odd number of squares i.e from $1^{2}$ to $9^{2}$, i can simply multiply the median, that is $5^{2}$, by two then do the same process the pattern still holds. I tried to prove this by letting $$n^{2}, (n +1)^{2}, (n + 2)^{2}, ..., (n+k)^{2}, (m - k)^{2}, . . .,(m - 1)^{2}, m^{2}$$ as i add both ends and perform subtraction among consecutive sums i got $$ (n+k)^{2} +(m - k)^{2} - 2((n+k)^{2} + (m - 1)^{2} + . . . +(n +1)^{2} + (m - 1)^{2}) - n^{2} - m^{2}$$ but unfortunately i got stuck since I cant express sum of consecutive squares as single term,,, the internet say that its n(2n + 1)(n + 1)/6 but i cant connect this formula using expressions...any idea how to do this?







      number-theory






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      asked 5 hours ago









      rosarosa

      556515




      556515






















          2 Answers
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          active

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          2












          $begingroup$


          Lemma:
          First, realize that the difference of the difference between $3$ consecutive square numbers is $2$
          $$begin{matrix}
          1&&4&&9&&16&&25&&36\
          &3&&5&&7&&9&&11\
          &&2&&2&&2&&2\
          end{matrix}$$




          Proof of lemma:



          Suppose three consecutive square numbers
          $$n^2,~(n-1)^2,~(n-2)^2$$
          Then
          $$n^2-(n-1)^2=2n-1$$
          $$(n-1)^2-(n-2)^2=2n-3$$
          $$[n^2-(n-1)^2]-[(n-1)^2-(n-2)^2]=(2n-1)-(2n-3)=2$$
          Now to prove your result, suppose your series become
          $$n_1,n_2,n_3,cdots,n_{k-1},n_{k}$$
          What you are asking is to prove that
          $$[(n_{k}+n_1)-(n_{k-1}+n_2)]-[(n_{k-1}+n_2)-(n_{k-2}+n_3)]=4$$
          Rewrite the equation and utilize the lemma, the result follows
          $$underbrace{[(n_{k}+n_{k-1})-(n_{k-1}+n_{k-2})]}_{2}+underbrace{[(n_{3}+n_2)-(n_{2}+n_1)]}_{2}=4$$
          Surely this works for all $n^2$. I skipped some rigorous induction process.




          Just for enrichment, the $n^{th}$ difference between $n+1$ consecutive numbers to the power of $n$ is $n!$.




          For example,



          $$begin{matrix}
          1&&8&&27&&64&&125&&216\
          &7&&19&&37&&61&&91\
          &&12&&18&&24&&30\
          &&&6&&6&&6
          end{matrix}$$

          And
          $$begin{matrix}
          1&&32&&243&&1024&&3125&&7776&&16807\
          &31&&211&&781&&2101&&4651&&9031\
          &&180&&570&&1320&&2550&&4380\
          &&&390&&750&&1230&&1830\
          &&&&360&&480&&600\
          &&&&&120&&120
          end{matrix}$$






          share|cite|improve this answer











          $endgroup$













          • $begingroup$
            Your perspective is great... i simply atta k the problem directly without relying on its relationship to previously established facts..Any idea how will i start ur enrichment sir?
            $endgroup$
            – rosa
            1 hour ago










          • $begingroup$
            I haven't proved it myself for now. I just observed it.
            $endgroup$
            – Larry
            1 hour ago










          • $begingroup$
            Ah okay... ur great!!. Tnx!
            $endgroup$
            – rosa
            1 hour ago






          • 1




            $begingroup$
            This is highly related to the fact that the $n$-th derivative of $x^n$ is $n!$.
            $endgroup$
            – Paul Sinclair
            55 mins ago



















          4












          $begingroup$

          If you have $k$ consecutive squares starting from $n^2$ and going up to $left(n+k-1right)^2$, then the sum of these $k$ numbers is



          $$displaystylesum_{a=n}^{n+k-1} a^2 = left(displaystylesum_{a=1}^{n+k-1} a^2 right) - left(displaystylesum_{a=1}^{n-1} a^2right)$$



          This is



          $$displaystylesum_{a=n}^{n+k-1} a^2,, = ,,frac{(n+k-1)(n+k)(2n+2k-1)}{6}-frac{n(n-1)(2n-1)}{6}$$



          That should help you finish off the problem.






          share|cite|improve this answer











          $endgroup$













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            2 Answers
            2






            active

            oldest

            votes








            2 Answers
            2






            active

            oldest

            votes









            active

            oldest

            votes






            active

            oldest

            votes









            2












            $begingroup$


            Lemma:
            First, realize that the difference of the difference between $3$ consecutive square numbers is $2$
            $$begin{matrix}
            1&&4&&9&&16&&25&&36\
            &3&&5&&7&&9&&11\
            &&2&&2&&2&&2\
            end{matrix}$$




            Proof of lemma:



            Suppose three consecutive square numbers
            $$n^2,~(n-1)^2,~(n-2)^2$$
            Then
            $$n^2-(n-1)^2=2n-1$$
            $$(n-1)^2-(n-2)^2=2n-3$$
            $$[n^2-(n-1)^2]-[(n-1)^2-(n-2)^2]=(2n-1)-(2n-3)=2$$
            Now to prove your result, suppose your series become
            $$n_1,n_2,n_3,cdots,n_{k-1},n_{k}$$
            What you are asking is to prove that
            $$[(n_{k}+n_1)-(n_{k-1}+n_2)]-[(n_{k-1}+n_2)-(n_{k-2}+n_3)]=4$$
            Rewrite the equation and utilize the lemma, the result follows
            $$underbrace{[(n_{k}+n_{k-1})-(n_{k-1}+n_{k-2})]}_{2}+underbrace{[(n_{3}+n_2)-(n_{2}+n_1)]}_{2}=4$$
            Surely this works for all $n^2$. I skipped some rigorous induction process.




            Just for enrichment, the $n^{th}$ difference between $n+1$ consecutive numbers to the power of $n$ is $n!$.




            For example,



            $$begin{matrix}
            1&&8&&27&&64&&125&&216\
            &7&&19&&37&&61&&91\
            &&12&&18&&24&&30\
            &&&6&&6&&6
            end{matrix}$$

            And
            $$begin{matrix}
            1&&32&&243&&1024&&3125&&7776&&16807\
            &31&&211&&781&&2101&&4651&&9031\
            &&180&&570&&1320&&2550&&4380\
            &&&390&&750&&1230&&1830\
            &&&&360&&480&&600\
            &&&&&120&&120
            end{matrix}$$






            share|cite|improve this answer











            $endgroup$













            • $begingroup$
              Your perspective is great... i simply atta k the problem directly without relying on its relationship to previously established facts..Any idea how will i start ur enrichment sir?
              $endgroup$
              – rosa
              1 hour ago










            • $begingroup$
              I haven't proved it myself for now. I just observed it.
              $endgroup$
              – Larry
              1 hour ago










            • $begingroup$
              Ah okay... ur great!!. Tnx!
              $endgroup$
              – rosa
              1 hour ago






            • 1




              $begingroup$
              This is highly related to the fact that the $n$-th derivative of $x^n$ is $n!$.
              $endgroup$
              – Paul Sinclair
              55 mins ago
















            2












            $begingroup$


            Lemma:
            First, realize that the difference of the difference between $3$ consecutive square numbers is $2$
            $$begin{matrix}
            1&&4&&9&&16&&25&&36\
            &3&&5&&7&&9&&11\
            &&2&&2&&2&&2\
            end{matrix}$$




            Proof of lemma:



            Suppose three consecutive square numbers
            $$n^2,~(n-1)^2,~(n-2)^2$$
            Then
            $$n^2-(n-1)^2=2n-1$$
            $$(n-1)^2-(n-2)^2=2n-3$$
            $$[n^2-(n-1)^2]-[(n-1)^2-(n-2)^2]=(2n-1)-(2n-3)=2$$
            Now to prove your result, suppose your series become
            $$n_1,n_2,n_3,cdots,n_{k-1},n_{k}$$
            What you are asking is to prove that
            $$[(n_{k}+n_1)-(n_{k-1}+n_2)]-[(n_{k-1}+n_2)-(n_{k-2}+n_3)]=4$$
            Rewrite the equation and utilize the lemma, the result follows
            $$underbrace{[(n_{k}+n_{k-1})-(n_{k-1}+n_{k-2})]}_{2}+underbrace{[(n_{3}+n_2)-(n_{2}+n_1)]}_{2}=4$$
            Surely this works for all $n^2$. I skipped some rigorous induction process.




            Just for enrichment, the $n^{th}$ difference between $n+1$ consecutive numbers to the power of $n$ is $n!$.




            For example,



            $$begin{matrix}
            1&&8&&27&&64&&125&&216\
            &7&&19&&37&&61&&91\
            &&12&&18&&24&&30\
            &&&6&&6&&6
            end{matrix}$$

            And
            $$begin{matrix}
            1&&32&&243&&1024&&3125&&7776&&16807\
            &31&&211&&781&&2101&&4651&&9031\
            &&180&&570&&1320&&2550&&4380\
            &&&390&&750&&1230&&1830\
            &&&&360&&480&&600\
            &&&&&120&&120
            end{matrix}$$






            share|cite|improve this answer











            $endgroup$













            • $begingroup$
              Your perspective is great... i simply atta k the problem directly without relying on its relationship to previously established facts..Any idea how will i start ur enrichment sir?
              $endgroup$
              – rosa
              1 hour ago










            • $begingroup$
              I haven't proved it myself for now. I just observed it.
              $endgroup$
              – Larry
              1 hour ago










            • $begingroup$
              Ah okay... ur great!!. Tnx!
              $endgroup$
              – rosa
              1 hour ago






            • 1




              $begingroup$
              This is highly related to the fact that the $n$-th derivative of $x^n$ is $n!$.
              $endgroup$
              – Paul Sinclair
              55 mins ago














            2












            2








            2





            $begingroup$


            Lemma:
            First, realize that the difference of the difference between $3$ consecutive square numbers is $2$
            $$begin{matrix}
            1&&4&&9&&16&&25&&36\
            &3&&5&&7&&9&&11\
            &&2&&2&&2&&2\
            end{matrix}$$




            Proof of lemma:



            Suppose three consecutive square numbers
            $$n^2,~(n-1)^2,~(n-2)^2$$
            Then
            $$n^2-(n-1)^2=2n-1$$
            $$(n-1)^2-(n-2)^2=2n-3$$
            $$[n^2-(n-1)^2]-[(n-1)^2-(n-2)^2]=(2n-1)-(2n-3)=2$$
            Now to prove your result, suppose your series become
            $$n_1,n_2,n_3,cdots,n_{k-1},n_{k}$$
            What you are asking is to prove that
            $$[(n_{k}+n_1)-(n_{k-1}+n_2)]-[(n_{k-1}+n_2)-(n_{k-2}+n_3)]=4$$
            Rewrite the equation and utilize the lemma, the result follows
            $$underbrace{[(n_{k}+n_{k-1})-(n_{k-1}+n_{k-2})]}_{2}+underbrace{[(n_{3}+n_2)-(n_{2}+n_1)]}_{2}=4$$
            Surely this works for all $n^2$. I skipped some rigorous induction process.




            Just for enrichment, the $n^{th}$ difference between $n+1$ consecutive numbers to the power of $n$ is $n!$.




            For example,



            $$begin{matrix}
            1&&8&&27&&64&&125&&216\
            &7&&19&&37&&61&&91\
            &&12&&18&&24&&30\
            &&&6&&6&&6
            end{matrix}$$

            And
            $$begin{matrix}
            1&&32&&243&&1024&&3125&&7776&&16807\
            &31&&211&&781&&2101&&4651&&9031\
            &&180&&570&&1320&&2550&&4380\
            &&&390&&750&&1230&&1830\
            &&&&360&&480&&600\
            &&&&&120&&120
            end{matrix}$$






            share|cite|improve this answer











            $endgroup$




            Lemma:
            First, realize that the difference of the difference between $3$ consecutive square numbers is $2$
            $$begin{matrix}
            1&&4&&9&&16&&25&&36\
            &3&&5&&7&&9&&11\
            &&2&&2&&2&&2\
            end{matrix}$$




            Proof of lemma:



            Suppose three consecutive square numbers
            $$n^2,~(n-1)^2,~(n-2)^2$$
            Then
            $$n^2-(n-1)^2=2n-1$$
            $$(n-1)^2-(n-2)^2=2n-3$$
            $$[n^2-(n-1)^2]-[(n-1)^2-(n-2)^2]=(2n-1)-(2n-3)=2$$
            Now to prove your result, suppose your series become
            $$n_1,n_2,n_3,cdots,n_{k-1},n_{k}$$
            What you are asking is to prove that
            $$[(n_{k}+n_1)-(n_{k-1}+n_2)]-[(n_{k-1}+n_2)-(n_{k-2}+n_3)]=4$$
            Rewrite the equation and utilize the lemma, the result follows
            $$underbrace{[(n_{k}+n_{k-1})-(n_{k-1}+n_{k-2})]}_{2}+underbrace{[(n_{3}+n_2)-(n_{2}+n_1)]}_{2}=4$$
            Surely this works for all $n^2$. I skipped some rigorous induction process.




            Just for enrichment, the $n^{th}$ difference between $n+1$ consecutive numbers to the power of $n$ is $n!$.




            For example,



            $$begin{matrix}
            1&&8&&27&&64&&125&&216\
            &7&&19&&37&&61&&91\
            &&12&&18&&24&&30\
            &&&6&&6&&6
            end{matrix}$$

            And
            $$begin{matrix}
            1&&32&&243&&1024&&3125&&7776&&16807\
            &31&&211&&781&&2101&&4651&&9031\
            &&180&&570&&1320&&2550&&4380\
            &&&390&&750&&1230&&1830\
            &&&&360&&480&&600\
            &&&&&120&&120
            end{matrix}$$







            share|cite|improve this answer














            share|cite|improve this answer



            share|cite|improve this answer








            edited 3 hours ago

























            answered 3 hours ago









            LarryLarry

            2,2442828




            2,2442828












            • $begingroup$
              Your perspective is great... i simply atta k the problem directly without relying on its relationship to previously established facts..Any idea how will i start ur enrichment sir?
              $endgroup$
              – rosa
              1 hour ago










            • $begingroup$
              I haven't proved it myself for now. I just observed it.
              $endgroup$
              – Larry
              1 hour ago










            • $begingroup$
              Ah okay... ur great!!. Tnx!
              $endgroup$
              – rosa
              1 hour ago






            • 1




              $begingroup$
              This is highly related to the fact that the $n$-th derivative of $x^n$ is $n!$.
              $endgroup$
              – Paul Sinclair
              55 mins ago


















            • $begingroup$
              Your perspective is great... i simply atta k the problem directly without relying on its relationship to previously established facts..Any idea how will i start ur enrichment sir?
              $endgroup$
              – rosa
              1 hour ago










            • $begingroup$
              I haven't proved it myself for now. I just observed it.
              $endgroup$
              – Larry
              1 hour ago










            • $begingroup$
              Ah okay... ur great!!. Tnx!
              $endgroup$
              – rosa
              1 hour ago






            • 1




              $begingroup$
              This is highly related to the fact that the $n$-th derivative of $x^n$ is $n!$.
              $endgroup$
              – Paul Sinclair
              55 mins ago
















            $begingroup$
            Your perspective is great... i simply atta k the problem directly without relying on its relationship to previously established facts..Any idea how will i start ur enrichment sir?
            $endgroup$
            – rosa
            1 hour ago




            $begingroup$
            Your perspective is great... i simply atta k the problem directly without relying on its relationship to previously established facts..Any idea how will i start ur enrichment sir?
            $endgroup$
            – rosa
            1 hour ago












            $begingroup$
            I haven't proved it myself for now. I just observed it.
            $endgroup$
            – Larry
            1 hour ago




            $begingroup$
            I haven't proved it myself for now. I just observed it.
            $endgroup$
            – Larry
            1 hour ago












            $begingroup$
            Ah okay... ur great!!. Tnx!
            $endgroup$
            – rosa
            1 hour ago




            $begingroup$
            Ah okay... ur great!!. Tnx!
            $endgroup$
            – rosa
            1 hour ago




            1




            1




            $begingroup$
            This is highly related to the fact that the $n$-th derivative of $x^n$ is $n!$.
            $endgroup$
            – Paul Sinclair
            55 mins ago




            $begingroup$
            This is highly related to the fact that the $n$-th derivative of $x^n$ is $n!$.
            $endgroup$
            – Paul Sinclair
            55 mins ago











            4












            $begingroup$

            If you have $k$ consecutive squares starting from $n^2$ and going up to $left(n+k-1right)^2$, then the sum of these $k$ numbers is



            $$displaystylesum_{a=n}^{n+k-1} a^2 = left(displaystylesum_{a=1}^{n+k-1} a^2 right) - left(displaystylesum_{a=1}^{n-1} a^2right)$$



            This is



            $$displaystylesum_{a=n}^{n+k-1} a^2,, = ,,frac{(n+k-1)(n+k)(2n+2k-1)}{6}-frac{n(n-1)(2n-1)}{6}$$



            That should help you finish off the problem.






            share|cite|improve this answer











            $endgroup$


















              4












              $begingroup$

              If you have $k$ consecutive squares starting from $n^2$ and going up to $left(n+k-1right)^2$, then the sum of these $k$ numbers is



              $$displaystylesum_{a=n}^{n+k-1} a^2 = left(displaystylesum_{a=1}^{n+k-1} a^2 right) - left(displaystylesum_{a=1}^{n-1} a^2right)$$



              This is



              $$displaystylesum_{a=n}^{n+k-1} a^2,, = ,,frac{(n+k-1)(n+k)(2n+2k-1)}{6}-frac{n(n-1)(2n-1)}{6}$$



              That should help you finish off the problem.






              share|cite|improve this answer











              $endgroup$
















                4












                4








                4





                $begingroup$

                If you have $k$ consecutive squares starting from $n^2$ and going up to $left(n+k-1right)^2$, then the sum of these $k$ numbers is



                $$displaystylesum_{a=n}^{n+k-1} a^2 = left(displaystylesum_{a=1}^{n+k-1} a^2 right) - left(displaystylesum_{a=1}^{n-1} a^2right)$$



                This is



                $$displaystylesum_{a=n}^{n+k-1} a^2,, = ,,frac{(n+k-1)(n+k)(2n+2k-1)}{6}-frac{n(n-1)(2n-1)}{6}$$



                That should help you finish off the problem.






                share|cite|improve this answer











                $endgroup$



                If you have $k$ consecutive squares starting from $n^2$ and going up to $left(n+k-1right)^2$, then the sum of these $k$ numbers is



                $$displaystylesum_{a=n}^{n+k-1} a^2 = left(displaystylesum_{a=1}^{n+k-1} a^2 right) - left(displaystylesum_{a=1}^{n-1} a^2right)$$



                This is



                $$displaystylesum_{a=n}^{n+k-1} a^2,, = ,,frac{(n+k-1)(n+k)(2n+2k-1)}{6}-frac{n(n-1)(2n-1)}{6}$$



                That should help you finish off the problem.







                share|cite|improve this answer














                share|cite|improve this answer



                share|cite|improve this answer








                edited 4 hours ago

























                answered 4 hours ago









                Zubin MukerjeeZubin Mukerjee

                15k32658




                15k32658






























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